Feeds by gleaning insects among foliage, normally low down among thickets, and usually above water. Breeding occurs as far west as Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Winters in the tropics in lowland woods and mangrove swamps. Water is important to P. citrea and they spend their lives near or next to water formations of all kinds, such as lakes, creeks, swamps, and flooded forests. The name "Prothonotary" originally referred to a group of official scribes in the Catholic Church who wore bright … The male and female are similar, but the female is slightly duller and less golden. The Prothonotary Warbler is present in Tennessee from early April to early August. 2000. Cavities are often old Downy Woodpecker nests. An average clutch is 4-5 eggs, which the female incubates for 12-14 days. They forage for food in trees, branches, fallen logs, and leaves that are either on plants or dead and covering the ground. I found the first down payments of moss on May 3. The Prothonotary Warbler is unique among eastern warblers because it nests in tree cavities in flooded forests. Or take action immediately with one of our current campaigns below: The Audubon Bird Guide is a free and complete field guide to more than 800 species of North American birds, right in your pocket. gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate), The Birds of North America, Vol. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. Sibley, D. A. It has an olive back with blue-grey wings and tail, yellow underparts, a relatively long pointed bill, and black legs. animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. It arrives from the end of March to the beginning of April and departs in late July to early August. [13] Protonotaria citrea are migratory birds. The preferred foraging habitat is dense, woody streams, where the Prothonotary Warbler forages actively in low foliage, mainly for insects and snails. This golden ray of light is unique among warblers with its beady black eye and blue-gray wings. Both the female and male engage in agonistic behavior when approached with a conspecific intruder. [10], The prothonotary warbler is 13 cm (5.1 in) long and weighs 12.5 g (0.44 oz) and has a wingspan of 8.75 in (22 cm)[11]. Lutmerding, J. Speak out against the Yazoo Backwater Pumps which would drain 200,000 acres of crucial bird habitat. A. Knopf, New York, NY. 44 Perfect Gifts for the Bird and Nature Lovers in Your Life, How the Evening Grosbeak Got Its Misleading Name. The decline of this habitat is the most critical threat to the species’ breeding success and has contributed to the prothonotary’s decline over much of its historic breeding range. Most cavities that are chosen are those in trees. Conservation: The Prothonotary Warbler is on the National Audubon Society Watch List because of the continuing destruction of mangroves on their wintering grounds. Legal Notices Privacy Policy Contact Us. Pairing between male and female prothonotary warblers occurs during the breeding season shortly after spring migration from the south. Leave nest 10-11 days after hatching. Nest site usually 5-10' up (sometimes 3-30' up), above standing water in hole in tree or stump. The entrance hole to the nest cavity is around 2 inches across. This is the only eastern warbler that nests in tree cavities or other crannies (the only other cavity-nesting wood warbler (Parulidae) is Lucy's warbler [VERMIVORA LUCIAE]). On the wintering grounds, this species will also eat fruits, seeds, and nectar along with insects. Protonotaria citrea then travels south for the wintering season in Central America and parts of northern South America. They also eat snails and mollusks. John James Audubon's painting of a prothonotary warbler is the third plate in his The Birds of America. On the breeding grounds males and females aggressively defend their territories, chasing away intruders with snaps of their bills and sometimes with physical attacks. It breeds in hardwood swamps in extreme southeastern Ontario and eastern United States. living in the southern part of the New World. Univ. They remain along the Atlantic coast from southern Mexico to South America. Illustration © David Allen Sibley. Link (2017). Protonotaria citrea are unique among warblers because they build breeding homes in pre-established cavities, made either naturally, by woodpeckers, or by man. The same climate change-driven threats that put birds at risk will affect other wildlife and people, too. Coloration of P. citrea is a vibrant yellow on the head, neck, and underside. During the winter, they are most common in mangrove swamps, but they also use tropical dry forest and wooded areas near streams… Incubation: The female incubates the eggs for 12 to 14 days, with the male occasionally bringing her food. These warblers prefer lowland forests near standing water for nesting sites. Help us improve the site by taking our survey. Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. 11, #409. It takes the female 3–8 days to build a nest. Young: Fed by both parents. Once called the Golden Swamp Warbler. Photo: Dick Dickinson/Audubon Photography Awards, Non-breeding adult male. Insects and snails. This study was conducted to provide further data concerning the nesting behavior and success of the Prothonotary Warbler in southwestern Missouri that can be used to compare with previous studies in other parts of their range. Call is a loud, metallic "chip." The norma], and probably the original, primitive, nestling sites are in natural cavities in trees and most nests are still to be found in sllch situations today. It is the only eastern warbler that nests in natural or artificial cavities, sometimes using old downy woodpecker holes. The Sibley Guide to Birds, second edition. Prothonotary Warblers are also vulnerable to the loss of mangroves on their wintering grounds along the coast of Mexico and Central and South America due to coastal development and aquaculture. Pete Dunne's essential field guide companion. Accessed November 26, 2020 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Protonotaria_citrea/. Protonotaria citrea received its name because of its resemblance to the yellow hooded prothonotaries of the Roman Catholic Church. The other species is Lucy's Warbler found in the southwestern United States. Females and immature birds are duller and have a yellow head. Many of these mangroves are being destroyed for the construction of coastal developement, highways, and agriculture. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.. Text © Kenn Kaufman, adapted from

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